COST REDUCTION THROUGH CREATIVE CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

Technical Data Sheet

Alkalinity Relationships

In water chemistry, the carbon dioxide (CO₂⁼)/carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), bicarbonate (HCO₃^-), carbonate (CO₃⁼), and hydroxide (OH^-) content affect the pH of the water.  Graphically, the  bicarbonate and carbonate ionic species exist toward the middle of the pH scale between the hydrogen (H⁺) and hydroxide (OH^-) ions as follows: 

                                                                                 <----P Alkalinity to pH 8.3                

                                                <---M Alkalinity to pH 4.3

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